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Dai Zhen’s goal and method of academic practice—and discussing its mutuality with Descartesian philosophy
Author: Wang Hongzhang (Produced by the School of Foreign Languages and Literatures in Dadan University and Doctoral College)
Source: “Hangzhou Teachers’ Major. Social Science Edition”, 2019 Issue 05
Time: Confucius was in the 2570s and was the first day of the tenth month of Jihai. Wuxu
He used the test of the word “reason” to point out Cheng Zhu’s “leave people and empty theory” and “seeing things as if there is something”, directly attacking Cheng Zhu’s metaphysical science key, and repeatedly unveiling the metaphysical mystery that has been covered in the long-term subjects of Tao, principle, meaning, atmosphere, nature, life, emotion, desire, etc., to clear out a “easy” and easy-to-go, materialistic thinking path. Its goal is not only to liquidate the two classical notes and traditions, to return to the original original and establish the original truth of classics, but also to create a new learning that combines empirical evidence and emotional implications. His great doubts about his predecessors and seeking reasoning in the matter, expressing his courage to reevaluate all values, and in the first chapter, he has the energy similar to Bacon’s experimental science and Descartes’ sensual philosophy.
In the 17th and 18th century, modern Eastern philosophy has moved into the golden period. Philosophers are divided into two schools in terms of issues such as the roots and essence of human knowledge, namely empiricism and rationalism philosophy. According to the experiential theory, all knowledge and thinking in human beings come from rational experience, and leaving the social experience of people themselves, all hypotheses about things can only be opinions and prejudice, and it is true that they cannot talk about them. In other words, the actual experience of a person’s social career is the standard for examining whether thinking can be true. Sensitive theory determines that people have innate concepts, which do not need to be verified by social life experience, and are true in themselves, like mathematical justice. Sensitive philosophers certainly do not say that people can think of certain preexisting thoughts when they are born, but that people’s nature includes thinking of a certain emotion or a certain structure. For example, milk loses moisture and becomes milk powder, and then becomes milk after adding water. This is because milk powder has the characteristics of becoming milk. In theory, the human heart is like milk powder, which produces characteristics and talents with concepts such as existence, essence, time, and even infinite, and God. The condition is to have appropriate social and life experience. Therefore, philosophers of sentient theory believe that there are certain thoughts, concepts, and true thoughts in people’s hearts. These thoughts and concepts do not first appear in experience, but are only activated by later life experiences and social reality. This sensualist proposition and experiential philosopher like Locke seem to be very different. Because LockeIt is believed that people’s hearts or brains are like a whiteboard. Before they experience recording their information on the whiteboard, there is nothing on the whiteboard. [1](P.134) However, the inherent thinking and form of human minds actually require activation through the actual practice of life and society, and the activation process cannot be verified by the verification of theories, even if it is the so-called “insider”. Speaking of this meaning, there is something in common between the empirical and the sensible. Some students even believe that the division between experience and sensory is unintentional. Doney Willis once said: “There are some ambiguous shortcomings in Descartes’ philosophy, which are precisely these shortcomings, which have inspired other philosophers to create new philosophical views. For example, Descartes’s views on energy, movement, and material, as well as the nature of objects and its development process, all have similar shortcomings. However, if we follow this thought… then Breeding Market, we can say that Beckel, Xiongshu and Descartes belong to a unified academic account or academic source, and in terms of their view of materiality, especially the nature of objects, Locke can be said to be a member of the school created by Descartes. Therefore, in my opinion, to learn The so-called sensible and experiencing theory are a failure in the division of so-called sensible and experiencing theory. It is precisely in this meaning that all the philosophers mentioned above seem to be Descartesians. “[2](P.10) Therefore, the so-called sensible and experiencing theory, is the question of how to unite “knowledge and action” that all schools and schools in Chinese philosophy are concerned about.
The academic community has compared and studied the history of Chinese and Western philosophy and its interactive influence. The foundation is still working in the framework of Eastern philosophy conceptual framework. In terms of whether the thinking and guidance direction of a philosopher is empirical or sensory, or both, there is undoubtedly a value for exploration.
When evaluating Dai Zhen’s “Mencius of Mencius’s Characters”, Liang Qichao said that Dai Zhen “but wanted to use ’emotional philosophy’ to replace ’emotional philosophy’. To discuss this point, it is absolutely in line with the essence of the thought trend in the era of European arts’ rejuvenation” [3](P.41). Although Dai Zhen’s purpose in this sentence was written by “Mencius Yi Shu Ji”, if you look closely, there are at most two disadvantages, which is not difficult to make people misunderstand. (1) It is not difficult to make people mistakenly believe that in the period of literary and artistic rejuvenation, perceptual philosophy is born in the first place and emotional philosophy is born in the later place. The so-called emotional philosophy and sensual philosophy in Liang Qichao’s mind should refer to the empirical and sensualisms mentioned in Oriental Philosophy. The former is represented by Locke, Beckle and Hewletts from Britain, while the latter is represented by Descartes, Spheresa and Lebniz. Both are the products of modern oriental philosophy in the 17th and 18th century. They are carefully taught, and the empirical philosophy and sensory philosophy that are still incomplete during the period of literary and artistic rejuvenation. (II) Not very appropriately set emotional philosophy and emotional philosophy, Baoqing.com Review believes that Dai Xuezhao is a experiencing theory and a sensible theory. In fact, Dai Zhen used the philosophical method of “reason” and “nature law” to oppose Cheng and Zhu, which is both an experiencing theory and an extremely exquisite sensible theory. He opposed the “opinions” produced by Cheng and Zhu’s blind belief in “reason”, and cut off the crowd to emphasize the classical examination of reality. He also tried to use Confucius and Mencius’ works to express their original faces and to “directly translate,” and from this, he used the works of Confucius and Mencius to “directly conquer and transcend”, and then Its unlimited natural theory of emotional philosophy and even the foundation of all knowledge. In terms of methodology, Dai Zhen’s major doubts about the interpretation of “post-Confucianism” and emphasizes the practicality of texts, may be more close to the representative philosopher in Europe, such as Descartes. Perhaps a more appropriate way of saying that Dai Zhen’s thoughts have both the philosophical elements of modern European experience and sensibility.
The following article discusses Dai Zhen’s more about the outline of Chinese and Western academics and their transportation history Descartes and other European thinkers in the 17th and 18th century Europe, to further explain related issues.
1. Descartes: System doubts, establishing the foundation for the true knowledge
Descartes (1596-1650)’s sensual philosophy is not just about “reason”, but to use sensory evidence to prove that it was regarded as a god in the past. The origin of all the “reasons” that are regarded as true is to doubt the various “opinions” and methods of proof in the philosophy of the Middle Academic Academy, especially three paragraphs. This is very similar to Bacon, the founder of modern experimental science. Bacon is in the system Before using the method of describing, try to clear all opinions, prejudice or illusions in the head. He believes that “In scientific discoveries, old logic does nothing; it makes mistakes from crude concepts deeply rooted and does not help seek truth. ”[4](P.289) Descartes also believed that “the three paragraphs of philosophy in the Academy can only talk about things that they don’t understand without judgment, and most of them can only prove what they are known. But any true understanding must first find the most certain and most reliable (clear) point in human knowledge, so that the knowledge published here can be gu